jupytersketcher/Lib/site-packages/nltk/test/classify.doctest

.. Copyright (C) 2001-2020 NLTK Project
.. For license information, see LICENSE.TXT

=============
 Classifiers
=============

Classifiers label tokens with category labels (or *class labels*).
Typically, labels are represented with strings (such as ``"health"``
or ``"sports"``.  In NLTK, classifiers are defined using classes that
implement the `ClassifyI` interface:

    >>> import nltk
    >>> nltk.usage(nltk.classify.ClassifierI)
    ClassifierI supports the following operations:
      - self.classify(featureset)
      - self.classify_many(featuresets)
      - self.labels()
      - self.prob_classify(featureset)
      - self.prob_classify_many(featuresets)

NLTK defines several classifier classes:

- `ConditionalExponentialClassifier`
- `DecisionTreeClassifier`
- `MaxentClassifier`
- `NaiveBayesClassifier`
- `WekaClassifier`

Classifiers are typically created by training them on a training
corpus.


Regression Tests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

We define a very simple training corpus with 3 binary features: ['a',
'b', 'c'], and are two labels: ['x', 'y'].  We use a simple feature set so
that the correct answers can be calculated analytically (although we
haven't done this yet for all tests).

    >>> train = [
    ...     (dict(a=1,b=1,c=1), 'y'),
    ...     (dict(a=1,b=1,c=1), 'x'),
    ...     (dict(a=1,b=1,c=0), 'y'),
    ...     (dict(a=0,b=1,c=1), 'x'),
    ...     (dict(a=0,b=1,c=1), 'y'),
    ...     (dict(a=0,b=0,c=1), 'y'),
    ...     (dict(a=0,b=1,c=0), 'x'),
    ...     (dict(a=0,b=0,c=0), 'x'),
    ...     (dict(a=0,b=1,c=1), 'y'),
    ...     (dict(a=None,b=1,c=0), 'x'),
    ...     ]
    >>> test = [
    ...     (dict(a=1,b=0,c=1)), # unseen
    ...     (dict(a=1,b=0,c=0)), # unseen
    ...     (dict(a=0,b=1,c=1)), # seen 3 times, labels=y,y,x
    ...     (dict(a=0,b=1,c=0)), # seen 1 time, label=x
    ...     ]

Test the Naive Bayes classifier:

    >>> classifier = nltk.classify.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train)
    >>> sorted(classifier.labels())
    ['x', 'y']
    >>> classifier.classify_many(test)
    ['y', 'x', 'y', 'x']
    >>> for pdist in classifier.prob_classify_many(test):
    ...     print('%.4f %.4f' % (pdist.prob('x'), pdist.prob('y')))
    0.2500 0.7500
    0.5833 0.4167
    0.3571 0.6429
    0.7000 0.3000
    >>> classifier.show_most_informative_features()
    Most Informative Features
                           c = 0                   x : y      =      2.3 : 1.0
                           c = 1                   y : x      =      1.8 : 1.0
                           a = 1                   y : x      =      1.7 : 1.0
                           a = 0                   x : y      =      1.0 : 1.0
                           b = 0                   x : y      =      1.0 : 1.0
                           b = 1                   x : y      =      1.0 : 1.0

Test the Decision Tree classifier (without None):

    >>> classifier = nltk.classify.DecisionTreeClassifier.train(
    ...     train[:-1], entropy_cutoff=0,
    ...     support_cutoff=0)
    >>> sorted(classifier.labels())
    ['x', 'y']
    >>> print(classifier)
    c=0? .................................................. x
      a=0? ................................................ x
      a=1? ................................................ y
    c=1? .................................................. y
    <BLANKLINE>
    >>> classifier.classify_many(test)
    ['y', 'y', 'y', 'x']
    >>> for pdist in classifier.prob_classify_many(test):
    ...     print('%.4f %.4f' % (pdist.prob('x'), pdist.prob('y')))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      . . .
    NotImplementedError
    
    
Test the Decision Tree classifier (with None):

    >>> classifier = nltk.classify.DecisionTreeClassifier.train(
    ...     train, entropy_cutoff=0,
    ...     support_cutoff=0)
    >>> sorted(classifier.labels())
    ['x', 'y']
    >>> print(classifier)
    c=0? .................................................. x
      a=0? ................................................ x
      a=1? ................................................ y
      a=None? ............................................. x
    c=1? .................................................. y
    <BLANKLINE>


Test SklearnClassifier, which requires the scikit-learn package.

    >>> from nltk.classify import SklearnClassifier
    >>> from sklearn.naive_bayes import BernoulliNB
    >>> from sklearn.svm import SVC
    >>> train_data = [({"a": 4, "b": 1, "c": 0}, "ham"),
    ...               ({"a": 5, "b": 2, "c": 1}, "ham"),
    ...               ({"a": 0, "b": 3, "c": 4}, "spam"),
    ...               ({"a": 5, "b": 1, "c": 1}, "ham"),
    ...               ({"a": 1, "b": 4, "c": 3}, "spam")]
    >>> classif = SklearnClassifier(BernoulliNB()).train(train_data)
    >>> test_data = [{"a": 3, "b": 2, "c": 1},
    ...              {"a": 0, "b": 3, "c": 7}]
    >>> classif.classify_many(test_data)
    ['ham', 'spam']
    >>> classif = SklearnClassifier(SVC(), sparse=False).train(train_data)
    >>> classif.classify_many(test_data)
    ['ham', 'spam']

Test the Maximum Entropy classifier training algorithms; they should all
generate the same results.

    >>> def print_maxent_test_header():
    ...     print(' '*11+''.join(['      test[%s]  ' % i
    ...                           for i in range(len(test))]))
    ...     print(' '*11+'     p(x)  p(y)'*len(test))
    ...     print('-'*(11+15*len(test)))

    >>> def test_maxent(algorithm):
    ...     print('%11s' % algorithm, end=' ')
    ...     try:
    ...         classifier = nltk.classify.MaxentClassifier.train(
    ...                         train, algorithm, trace=0, max_iter=1000)
    ...     except Exception as e:
    ...         print('Error: %r' % e)
    ...         return
    ...
    ...     for featureset in test:
    ...         pdist = classifier.prob_classify(featureset)
    ...         print('%8.2f%6.2f' % (pdist.prob('x'), pdist.prob('y')), end=' ')
    ...     print()

    >>> print_maxent_test_header(); test_maxent('GIS'); test_maxent('IIS')
                     test[0]        test[1]        test[2]        test[3]
                    p(x)  p(y)     p(x)  p(y)     p(x)  p(y)     p(x)  p(y)
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
            GIS     0.16  0.84     0.46  0.54     0.41  0.59     0.76  0.24
            IIS     0.16  0.84     0.46  0.54     0.41  0.59     0.76  0.24

    >>> test_maxent('MEGAM'); test_maxent('TADM') # doctest: +SKIP
            MEGAM   0.16  0.84     0.46  0.54     0.41  0.59     0.76  0.24
            TADM    0.16  0.84     0.46  0.54     0.41  0.59     0.76  0.24



Regression tests for TypedMaxentFeatureEncoding
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    >>> from nltk.classify import maxent
    >>> train = [
    ...     ({'a': 1, 'b': 1, 'c': 1}, 'y'),
    ...     ({'a': 5, 'b': 5, 'c': 5}, 'x'),
    ...     ({'a': 0.9, 'b': 0.9, 'c': 0.9}, 'y'),
    ...     ({'a': 5.5, 'b': 5.4, 'c': 5.3}, 'x'),
    ...     ({'a': 0.8, 'b': 1.2, 'c': 1}, 'y'),
    ...     ({'a': 5.1, 'b': 4.9, 'c': 5.2}, 'x')
    ... ]

    >>> test = [
    ...     {'a': 1, 'b': 0.8, 'c': 1.2},
    ...     {'a': 5.2, 'b': 5.1, 'c': 5}
    ... ]

    >>> encoding = maxent.TypedMaxentFeatureEncoding.train(
    ...     train, count_cutoff=3, alwayson_features=True)

    >>> classifier = maxent.MaxentClassifier.train(
    ...     train, bernoulli=False, encoding=encoding, trace=0)

    >>> classifier.classify_many(test)
    ['y', 'x']